Transformative education environments for sustainability: The perceptions of teachers in the University of the Basque Country
Itziar Rekalde-Rodríguez 1 *
More Detail
1 University of the Basque Country, Spain
* Corresponding Author

Abstract

Education for Sustainable Development at university level requires transformative education approaches that must be promoted by teachers as part of their practical activities. These approaches should engage learners in participatory, systemic, creative and innovative thinking and action processes in the context of local communities. Ocean i3 is an interdisciplinary, crossborder and intercultural learning environment that was created to respond to the plastic pollution problem along the Basque-Neoaquitaine coastline. The aim of this work is to understand the meaning that university teaching staff attach to the elements that make Ocean i3 a transformative environment in which education for sustainable development is promoted. The methodological approach is qualitative in nature, aimed at seeking the meaning and sense that Ocean i3 provides for teachers. Twenty-three people participated through interviews, and focus group. The analytical procedure consisted in an inductive content analysis. The results reveal that the teaching staff perceive Ocean i3 as a transformative education environment for university students due to its interdisciplinary approach, the challenge-based teaching methodology, the continuous collaboration with external agents related to the socioeconomic fabric of the region, the use of alternative spaces where academics can carry out educational activities, as well as the use of translanguaging to promote multilingual communication in the Ocean i3 community in a natural way. The complexity of the Ocean i3 environment induces teachers to learn to reinvent themselves so they can drive transformative education for sustainable development.

Keywords

References

  • Alba, D. (2017). Hacia una fundamentación de la sostenibilidad en la educación superior [Towards the foundation for the sustainability in Higher Education]. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 73, 15-34. https://doi.org/10.35362/rie730197
  • Albareda-Tiana, S., García-González, E., Jiménez-Fontana, R. & Solís-Espallargas, C. (2019). Implementing Pedagogical Approaches for ESD in Initial Teacher Training at Spanish Universities. Sustainability, 11(18), 4927. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184927
  • Barrón, A., Navarrete, A. & Ferrer-Balas, D. (2010). Sostenibilización curricular en las universidades españolas. ¿Ha llegado la hora de actuar? [Curriculum sustainability in Spanish universities. Is it time to take action?]. Revista Eureka sobre enseñanza y divulgación de las ciencias, 7(4), 388-399.
  • Barth, M. (2015). Implementing Sustainability in Higher Education Learning in an age of transformation. Routledge.
  • Barth, M. & Rieckmann, M. (2016). State of the art in research on higher education for sustainable development. In M. Barth, G. Michelsen, M. Rieckmann & I. Thomas (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Higher Education for Sustainable Development (pp.100-113). Routledge.
  • Barth, M., Jiménez-Aceituno, A., Lam, D.P.M., Bürgener, L. & Lang, D.J. (2023). Transdisciplinary learning as a key leverage for sustainability transformations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 64, 101361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101361
  • Basque Government. (2023). Plan del Sistema Universitario Vasco 2023-2026 [Basque University System Plan 2023–2026]. https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/uni_planes_universitarios/es_def/adj untos/plan_sistema_universitario_23_26_c.pdf
  • Bishop, K. & Etmanski, C. (2021). Down the rabbit hole: Creating a transformative learning environment. Studies in the Education of Adults, 53(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2021.1879454
  • Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (2010). How to research. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Bourn, D. & Soysal, N. (2021). Transformative learning and pedagogical approaches in education for sustainable development: are initial teacher education programmes in england and turkey ready for creating agents of change for sustainability? Sustainability, 13(16), 8973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168973
  • Brandt, J. O., Barth, M., Hale, A. & Merritt, E. (2022). Developing ESD-specific professional action competence for teachers: knowledge, skills, and attitudes in implementing ESD at the school level. Environmental Education Research, 28(12), 1691-1729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2064973
  • Calderwood, K. A. & Rizzo, L. (2023). Co-Creating a Transformative Learning Environment through the Student-Supervisor Relationship: Results of a Social Work Field Placement Duo-Ethnography. Journal of Transformative Education, 21(1), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/15413446221079590
  • Cebrián, G. (2020). La educación para el desarrollo sostenible en el currículum universitario: una investigación-acción cooperativa con profesorado [Education for sustainable development in the university curriculum: a cooperative action research project with teaching staff]. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior, 11(30), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.20072872e.2020.30.590
  • Cisterna, F. (2005). Categorización y triangulación como procesos de validación del conocimiento en investigación cualitativa [Categorisation and triangulation as processes for validating knowledge in qualitative research]. Theoria, 14(1), 61-71.
  • Colomer, J., Serra, T., Cañabate, D. & Bubnys, R. (2020). Reflective learning in higher education: Active methodologies for transformative practices. Sustainability, 12(9), 3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093827
  • Cotán, A. (2016). El sentido de la investigación cualitativa [The meaning of qualitative research]. Escuela Libre, 19, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.29257/EA19.2016.03
  • Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas [CRUE]. (2019). Manifiesto de CRUE Universidades Españolas por un planeta más sostenible [Manifesto of CRUE Spanish Universities for a more sustainable planet]. https://www.crue.org/2019/12/manifiesto-de-crue-universidadesespanolas-por-un-planeta-mas-sostenible-diciembre-2019/
  • Cruz-Iglesias E., Gil-Molina P. & Rekalde-Rodríguez I. (2022). A navigation chart for sustainability for the Ocean i3 educational project. Sustainability, 14(8), 4764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084764
  • Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.
  • Elmassah, S., Biltagy, M. & Gamal, D. (2020). Engendering sustainable development competencies in Higher Education: The case of Egypt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 121959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121959
  • Escámez, J. I. & López, E. (2019). La formación del profesorado universitario para la educación en la gestión de la sostenibilidad [Training university lecturers in sustainability management Education]. PUBLICACIONES, 49(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v49i1.9852
  • Evans, T.L. (2019). Competencies and pedagogies for sustainability education: a roadmap for sustainability studies program development in colleges and universities. Sustainability, 11, 5526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195526
  • Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In N. K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (pp. 301-316). Sage.
  • Francés, F. J., Alaminos, A., Penalva, C. & Santacreu, Ó. A. (2014). El proceso de medición de la realidad social: La investigación a través de encuestas [The process of measuring social reality: Research through surveys]. PYDLOS editions.
  • Garcia-Alvarez, M., Rekalde-Rodríguez, I. & Gil-Molina, P. (2023). No transition without transformation: educating sustainability. In W. Leal Filho, M.A.P. Dinis, S. Moggi, E. Price & A. Hope (Eds). SDGs in the European region: Implementing the UN sustainable development goals – regional perspectives (pp. 633-667). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91261-1_98-1
  • Gil-Molina, P., Cruz-Iglesias, E. & Rekalde-Rodríguez, I. (2024). Developing competences in a cross-border interdisciplinary project: student and teacher perceptions of the Ocean i3 project. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 21(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.53761/677rfm42
  • Gurdián-Fernández, A. (2007). El paradigma cualitativo en la investigación socioeducativa [The qualitative paradigm in socio-educational research]. Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional.
  • Güvercin-Seçkin, G. & Türkan, M. (2024). Transformative learning in times of crisis: exploring teachers’ experiences during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Asia Pacific Education Review, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-024-10014-1
  • Heumann, A. R. (2023). Teaching for change: exploring Transformative Pedagogy in education for sustainable development [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Oulu.
  • Kaplan, A. & Sarisaltik, U. (2024). An informal and transformative learning environment: The case of ODTÜ Bostan community garden in Turkey. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 15, 100229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100229
  • Kiss, G., Lazányi, O, Taxner, T., Veress, T. & Neulinger, A. (2024). The transformation of sustainable lifestyle practices in ecoclubs. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 13, 100189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100189
  • Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H. & Wyattasha T.R. (2020). Demystifying content analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113
  • Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. Sage.
  • Lang, D. J., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., Swilling, M. &Thomas, C. J. (2012). Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: Practice, principles, and challenges. Sustainability Science, 7(1), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0149-x
  • Leal Filho, W., Shiel, C. & Paço, A. (2018). Implementing and operationalising integrative approaches to sustainability in higher education: The role of project-oriented learning. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 4007-4016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.193
  • Lee, K.-H., Noh, J. & Khim, J.S. (2020). The Blue Economy and the United Nations’ sustainable development goals: Challenges and opportunities. Environment International, 137, 105528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105528
  • Lotz-Sisitka, H., Wals, A. E., Kronlid, D. & McGarry, D. (2015). Transformative, transgressive social learning: rethinking higher education pedagogy in times of systemic global dysfunction. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 16, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.07.018
  • Lotz-Sisitka, H., le Grange, L. & Mphepo, G. (2024). Engaged sustainability science and place-based transgressive learning in higher education. South African Journal of Science, 120(9/10), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/17958
  • Lozano, R. (2006). Incorporation and institutionalization of SD into universities: Breaking through barriers to change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(9-11), 787–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.12.010
  • Mawonde, A. & Togo, M. (2019). Implementation of SDGs at the University of South Africa. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(5), 932-950. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-04-2019-0156
  • McMillan, J.H. & Schumacher, S. (2009). Research in education: evidence-based inquiry. Pearson Education.
  • Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass.
  • Mezirow, J. (2000). Transformative theory of adult learning. Jossey-Bass.
  • Michelsen, G. & Fischer, D. (2017). Sustainability and Education. In M. V. Hauff & C. Kuhnke (Eds.), Sustainable development policy: a european perspective (pp.135-158). Routledge.
  • Mori, R., Fien, J. & Horne, R. (2019). Implementing the UN SDGs in Universities: Challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned. Sustainability, 12, 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2019.0004
  • Muñoz, V. & Pérez, L.E. (Eds.). (2021). Transformative education: meanings and policy implications. Global Campaign for Education.
  • Murga-Menoyo, M. A. (2015). Competencias para el desarrollo sostenible: las capacidades, actitudes y valores meta de la educación en el marco de la Agenda global post- 2015 [Competencies for sustainable development: the target capacities, attitudes and values of education within the framework of the post-2015 global agenda]. Foro de Educación, 13(19), 55-83. https://doi.org/10.14516/FDE.2015.013.019.004
  • Odum, T. & Kordsmeier, G. (2023). Navigating the age of crisis: exploring the pathway to engaged pedagogy for the transformative learning environment. Sociological Focus, 57(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2296662
  • Paletta, A. & Bonoli, A. (2019). Governing the university in the perspective of the United Nations 2030 Agenda: The case of the University of Bologna. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20, 500-514. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-02-2019-0083
  • Pérez, E. (2022). Global Campaign for Education: SDG4 spotlight report. Global Campaign for Education.
  • Portuguez, M. & Gomez, M.G. (2020). Challenge based learning: Innovative pedagogy for sustainability through e-learning in higher education. Sustainability, 12(10), 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104063
  • Prabawani, B., Hadi, S. P., Zen, I. S., Afrizal, T. & Purbawati, D. (2020). Education for sustainable development as diffusion of innovation of secondary school students. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 22(1), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2020-0007
  • Prado, J. F. (2021). La educación de adultos: un acercamiento desde el aprendizaje transformacional [Adult education: an approach based on transformational learning]. Conrado, 17(78), 140-144.
  • Rekalde-Rodríguez I., Barrenechea J. & Hernandez Y. (2021). Ocean I3. Pedagogical Innovation for Sustainability. Education Sciences, 11(8), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080396
  • Rekalde-Rodríguez, I., Gil-Molina, P. & Cruz-Iglesias, E. (2023). Institutional teaching choreographies in education for sustainability in times of pandemic: the Ocean i3 project. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 23(8), 39. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-02-2022-0039
  • Rieckmann, M. (2012). Future-oriented higher education: Which key competencies should be fostered through university teaching and learning? Futures, 44(2), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.09.005
  • Rodríguez, J.G. & Barth, M. (2020), Transformative learning in the field of sustainability: a systematic literature review (1999-2019). International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 21(5), 993-1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-05-2019-0168
  • Sabariego, M. (2024). Análisis de datos cualitativos y el programa Nvivo 14. Dosier-Tutorial [Qualitative data analysis and the Nvivo 14 programme. Dossier-Tutorial]. University of Barcelona.
  • Sabbah, R. (2021). Foreword by the president of global campaign for education. In V. Muñoz & L.E. Pérez (Eds.). Transformative education: meanings and policy implications (p. 2). Global Campaign for Education.
  • Servicio de Asesoramiento Educativo/Hezkuntza Laguntzarako Zerbitzua [SAE/HELAZ]. (2023). Análisis del uso de la estrategia IKD i3 por parte del profesorado de la UPV/EHU [Analysis of the use of the IKD i3 strategy by teaching staff at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)]. https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1870360/49693561/Analisis-del-uso-de-la-estrategia-IKDi3-por-parte-del-profesorado-de-la-UPVEHU.pdf/9b11aca3-4360-aa0f-a665-92fdc37dcc5d?t=1706091709901
  • Sáez de Cámara, E., Fernández, I. & Castillo-Eguskitza, N. (2021). A holistic approach to integrate and evaluate sustainable development in higher education. the case study of the university of the Basque Country. Sustainability, 13(1), 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010392
  • Schauppenlehner-Kloyber, E. & Penker, M. (2015). Managing group processes in transdisciplinary future studies: How to facilitate social learning and capacity building for self-organised action towards sustainable urban development? Futures, 65, 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2014.08.012
  • Sibilla, M. & Kurul, E. (2020). Exploring transformative pedagogies for built environment disciplines: the case of interdisciplinarity in low carbon transition. Building Research & Information, 49(2), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2020.1811076
  • Singer-Brodowski, M. (2023). The potential of transformative learning for sustainability transitions: moving beyond formal learning environments. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, 20621-20639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02444-x
  • Slavich, G. M. & Zimbardo, P. G. (2012). Transformational teaching: theoretical underpinnings, basic principles, and core methods. Educational Psychology Review, 24(4), 569-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9199-6
  • Sterling, S., Dawson, J. & Warwick, P. (2018). Transforming sustainability education at the creative edge of the mainstream: a case study of Schumacher College. Journal of Transformative Education, 16(4), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344618784375
  • Tilbury, D. (2011). Education for Sustainable Development: An Expert Review of Processes and Learning. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000191442
  • Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837-851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1977800410383121
  • United Nations [UN]. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/es/goals
  • United Nations [UN]. (2024). The sustainable development goals report 2024. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]. (2014). UNESCO roadmap for implementing the Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000230514
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]. (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: learning objectives. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization[UNESCO]. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: a new social contract for Education. https://doi.org/10.54675/ASRB4722
  • United Nations Institute for Training and Research [UNITAR]. (2017). Declaration of University Global Engagement. https://www.aplu.org/our-work/5-archived-projects/international-programs/declaration-on-global-engagement/
  • University of the Basque Country. (2019). EHUagenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible [EHUagenda 2030 for Sustainable Development]. https://www.ehu.eus/documents/4736101/11938005/EHUAgenda-2030- ENG.pdf/487b2c83-51e1-d0e2-dcd1-af419b2b5c26
  • University of the Basque Country. (2022). Plan Estratégico de la UPV/EHU 2022–2025 [UPV/EHU Strategic Plan 2022–2025]. https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/idazkaritza-nagusia/upv-ehuren-plan-estrategikoa-2022-2025
  • Zinkunegi-Goitia, O. & Rekalde-Rodríguez, I. (2022). Employability within an Education for Sustainability Framework: The Ocean i3 Case Study. Education Sciences, 12(4), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12040277

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.